prefixes -un- versus In قاعدة لاستخدام البادئة


Un- versus In-

 تمثل البادئتين in-, un-  موضع خلاف لمتحدثي اللغة الانجليزية منذ عقود، وتعتبر un- اكثر انتشارا واستخداما الا ان متحدثي اللغة الانجليزية يخطئون غالبا بتعميم الاستخدام على كلمات اخرى مثل "thaw" ذوبان  باستخدام "unthaw" وعكسها freeze يتجمد.

 هل توجد قاعدة واضحة لاستخدام البادئة؟


There is no rule.

الاجابة على هذا السؤال أنه لا توجد قاعدة واضحة متعبه ولكن هناك نمط يساعد على معرفة الاستخدام الصحيح وهو ان الكلمات الانجليزية التي تعود اصولها الى اللغة الالمانية تستخدم البادئة un- وتستخدم in- ان كانت الكلمة لاتينية الاصل، وان im-, il-, and ir-. تعتبر صور او أشكال من in-


As discussed in English Language & Usage Stack Exchange, "... words take un- when they are of English (Germanic) origin and in- if they come from Latin. (The forms im-, il-, and ir- are variations on in-.) Apart from that, there’s really no good guide to which one you should choose."




وهناك طريقة آخرى وهي ان البادئة un- تاتي مع الكلمات المشتقة من اللاتينية وتنتهي بالاحقة -ed او -able  لتكون صفة مثل unfounded, unassailable, and unbelievable.


"The un- prefix is commonly attached to Latin derivatives that end in suffixes such as -ed and -able, resulting in adjectives such as unfounded, unassailable, and unbelievable." (Grammarist)


بعض الامثلة
-----------------
articulate / inarticulate 
polite / impolite 
possible / impossible 
modest / immodest 
legal / illegal 
reverent / irreverent 
regular / irregular 
sanity / insanity 

-------------------------
able / unable
tidy / untidy
cooperative / uncooperative
helpful / unhelpful
grateful / ungrateful 
likeable / unlikeable
suitable / unsuitable
unreal
uneven
unfair
untold
unload
unhook
unkind
unsafe




الخلاصة :
  • un- تستخدم مع الكلمات التي ترجع الى اللغة الالمانية، تعتبر الاكثر استخداما ولكن ارجع دائما الى القاموس للتاكد.
  • in- تستخدم مع الكلمات الاتينية الاصل
  • a- و an- تستخدم مع الكلمات الاغريقية الاصل

  • un- is used in words with German origin
  • in- in words with Latin origin (and generally in words from other Latin derived languages, like Spanish or French),
  • a- and an- is used in words with Greek origin.unreal

يبقى هناك تساؤلات، هو كيف تعرف اصل الكلمة؟ وهل هناك طريقة اسهل لمعرفة نفي الكلمة المطلوبة؟

بامكانك البحث في احد القواميس التالية لمعرفة اصل الكلمة



اسهل طريقة لمعرفة نفي الكلمة هي باستخدام اما قاموس اوكسفورد التقليدي والبحث عن الكلمة في قسم un او ان تبحث في قاموس كالموقع التالي
مثلا عند البحث عن كلمة certain

سيظهر لك قسمان في صفحة البحث
Synonyms المترادفات
Antonyms المتضادات - وهنا ستجد uncertain




ادعمنا بمشاركة الصفحة في المواقع الاجتماعية


Test Your Vocabulary 1 كتاب لاختبار مفرداتك في اللغة الإنجليزية

Test Your Vocabulary 1


Improve your writing and communication skills
by increasing your vocabulary and strengthen
your grasp on English grammar.



Check Your Vocabulary for PET-Vocabulary Workbook




Check Your Vocabulary for PET (Vocabulary Workbook)
A workbook to assist lower intermediate students prepare for the popular Preliminary English Test.
This workbook has been designed to help students at lower-intermediate level improve and build their English vocabulary, and is particularly appropriate for those studying towards the popular PET (Preliminary English Test) examination. It can be used to test and improve general English vocabulary, and includes both self-study exercises and practical speaking activities for classroom use.

Cashier Transactions

Dealing with money can be stressful. It is easier to make mistakes when transactions are not in your native language. Take your time. Making mistakes can be costly. Many customers will not tell you if you make a mistake. Some companies will make you pay for shortages. Customers will be more patient if you are honest. Tell them you are training. They will also appreciate your effort to learn their language. Say, "Please bear with me. I'm still learning." As you become comfortable with the and the payment system your service in English will speed up.Cashier

Transactions: Language

Here are some expressions to use on the job. Practise them with a friend or family member. Refer to the vocabulary list (click back to return to this page) if you don't know a word.

  • Do you have a discount card today?
  • Are you using any coupons today?
  • I will need to see some ID to sell you a lottery ticket. (for age restricted items)
  • I'm sorry but your card has been declined. Would you like to use another form of payment? (when a credit or debit card has insufficient funds.)
  • Will there be anything else for you today?
  • Is this everything today?
  • And how was everything today? (service industry)
  • Will that be cash or charge?
  • How will you be paying today?
  • Your total comes to $16.50.
  • From twenty...and here's $3.50 change.
  • Please swipe your card.
  • I just need to see some photo ID to verify your check.
  • Would you like your receipt in the bag?
Sample Transactions: Speaking Practice

Find an English friend to practise with. Take turns being cashier and customer.

Sample Cash transaction

Cashier:Hello. Is this everything for you today?
Customer:Yes. Just a few items today.
Cashier:Did you find everything you were looking for?
Customer:Yes, thank you.
Cashier:Okay. Your total comes to $8.70. (say "eight seventy" or "eight dollars and seventy cents")
Customer:Can you break a fifty? I'm afraid I don't have anything smaller.
Cashier:No problem. From fifty..$41.30 is your change. (say "forty-one thirty" or "forty-one dollars and thirty cents")
Customer:Thank you.
Cashier:Thank you. See you again.

Sample Credit Card transaction

Cashier:Here is your order, sir. Two pepperoni pizzas. Will there be anything else?
Customer:No, that's great thanks.
Cashier:Okay. Will that be cash or charge today?
Customer:Charge.
Cashier:Okay. Please swipe your card in the machine...Sorry, can you try again please.
Customer:Is there a problem with my card?
Cashier:No, it's going through fine this time. I'll just need you to sign here, please.
Customer:There you go.
Cashier:Thank you Mr. Bates. Enjoy your pizza!

Cashier Vocabulary

WordMeaning
action codea number cashiers type on the register to tell the computer to do something (#2A=void item)
adjustmenta change (usually related to price change)
age restricted itemsproducts such as alcohol, tobacco, and restricted movies and videos which cannot be purchased by minors
aisleslong narrow areas that a room is divided into
associateanother employee who works with you
bag verbto place purchased items in a bag for the customer
bank carda card that allows customers to purchase an item using money from their bank account (also called debit card)
bar codea series of lines that a computer reads to determine the product and price
billthe total amount owed by the customer (also called receipt)
breaka short time for an employee to take a rest from work
bulkitems that are purchased in large amounts (also refers to items where customer collects the amount desired from a large bin)
cashpaper or coin money that the customer gives for payment
cash advancemoney given to an employee or customer that he will have to pay back later
cash registersystem used to key in purchases; also makes mathematical calculations and records payments
changethe money you give back to a customer
charge verbto request a certain payment (They charge fifty dollars an hour.)
charge verb and nounto pay (payment) with a credit card
checkoutthe place where customers go to pay for purchases
clerkperson who serves customers; usually stands behind a desk
coinssmall amounts of money; circular shape (also called change)
company proceduresthe rules and practices outlined by the employer for the employees
competitionother businesses that offer similar products or services
counterfeitmoney that looks real but is actually fake
coupona piece of paper that offers a set discount on a product or service
consumerthe person who buys and uses the products and services
coupona piece of paper that offers a set discount on a product or service
currencytype of money used in each country (eg. dollar, yen)
customerthe person who buys the product or service
customer servicefulfilling the needs of the people who buy products or services
damaged; defectivedoes not work or does not look new
deactivateremove security device
debitto take money out (also refers to paying with a bank card)
denominationrelated to type of currency (eg. ones, tens, fifties )
department storea store that sells a wide variety of personal and household needs, such as groceries, furniture and clothing
discounta price reduction
estimateguess the right amount
floatthe amount of money in a cash register or till before and after a person's shift
feedto insert the end of a roll of paper into a slot
gift certificate; gift carda pre-paid card that a customer uses to pay for purchases
gift receipta receipt that documents a purchase but does not include the price of the product
identificationphotograph and official document that proves who a person is
initialsfirst letter of a person's first and last name
inquirya question
key into type a code into a cash register
(put on) layawayto put a product away for a customer who will come back to purchase it at a later time
loga record of sales information
manualinstruction booklet
merchandisethings that customers buy
multiple itema product that a customer is buying more than one of (eg. five balls)
multitaskdo many things at once
NOFan error code that means a product price is not on file
on salecosts less than usual
orientationa time for learning about the company and job
peak timethe busy time of the day
perka little bonus that employees enjoy on top of their wage or salary (eg. restaurant employees get free lunch)
personal checka written document that allows a business to retrieve funds from a customer's bank account
price overridechange the automated price of a product or service
POS systemPoint of Sale system (cash register)
price tagthe sticker or ticket that tells customers what a product costs
producefresh fruit and vegetables
promotiona special discount or offer
prompt serviceto help customers quickly
punch in/outrecord the start and end time of your shift using a time clock system
rain checka ticket given to a customer that allows them to receive an out-of-stock item or attend a cancelled event at a later date
receipta piece of paper that records the place, time, and price of items or services purchased
reduce(d)price is less than usual
refundget money back
register areathe place where a cashier stands and serves the customer
register tapethe paper that goes into the cash register and provides a printed record of all transactions
retailera store or business that sells products for the manufacturer
ring intype the product code or service item into the POS
safea secure cabinet where a large amount of money is locked up; requires a code or key to open
salea price reduction
scanpass a product over a laser (scanner reads the bar code and transfers the data (price, product name) to the POS system)
schedulea table that identifies the weekly or monthly shifts for each employee
security devicea device attached to products that will set off an alarm if it is not removed by the cashier
serial numbera number system used to identify products and services
shelveslong rows of flat wood or metal used to hold products that are for sale in a store
shift reporta record of notes that must be handed in by a cashier at the end of a work shift
sign in/sign offindicate that one is starting or finishing
suppliesthings that are needed to do a job (eg. calculator, pens, paper)
supplierthe company or business that provides a retailer or wholesaler with products to sell
swipeslide quickly across (eg. Swipe your credit card through the card reader, please.)
tallyadd up
tax exempta special case in which the customer does not have to pay taxes
tendermoney
terminala single computer or POS system
tillthe drawer that holds money in a cash register
transactionthe sale and purchase of a product or service
UPCUniversal Product Code: a number the identifies the product and the retailer
voidcancel a transaction
wholesalethe sale of a large quantity of goods to a retail outlet
workstationthe area where a cashier works

Optimum or optimal

Is there a difference between optimum and optimal?
As adjectives, they have the same meaning: best; most favourable; most conducive to a good result
They both come from the Latin optimus, meaning “best”.
Look at these examples:
  • What is the optimum/optimal childbearing age?
  • We need to find the optimal/optimum solution.
  • In our case, the optimum/optimal investment would produce a modest return at no risk.
Optimum can also be a noun, while optimal has two derivatives:
  • optimally (adverb)
  • optimality (noun)

Practical or practicable

Let’s try to understand the difference between these two words.
practical (adjective): useful and suitable for a particular purpose
  • I love your kitchen. It’s really practical. Everything is in the right place, and at the right height.
practicable (adjective):  able to be done; can be put into practice
  • Your idea about making a new car park is not practicable. There is not enough space.
Note that there are a few other meanings for “practical”.

Top 20 Business Vocabulary

1 A.T.M.                        abbr. Automated Teller Machine; cash dispenserUK
2 banknote                  n: a piece of paper money; billUS
3 billUS                         n. a banknote; a piece of paper money
4 black market           n. illegal traffic in officially controlled commodities such as foreign currency
5 bureau de change  n. establishment where currencies of different countries may be exchanged
6 cash                           n. 1 coins or bank notes (not cheques); 2 actual money paid (not credit)
7 cash dispenserUK  n: automatic machine from which clients of a bank may withdraw money; ATM
8 cashier                       n. person dealing with cash transactions in a bank, store etc
9 coin                             n: a piece of metal money
10 currency                  n. the money in general use or circulation in any country
11 debt                           n. money etc owed by one person to another
12 exchange rate        n. the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another
13 foreign exchange   n: the currency of other countries
14 hard currency         n. currency that will probably not fall in value and is readily accepted
15 invest                         v. to put money for profit into business, land etc - investment n.
16 legal tender              n: currency that cannot legally be refused in payment of a debt
17 petty cashUK            n. a cash fund for small, everyday expenses
18 soft currency            n. currency that will probably fall in value and is not readily accepted
19 speculate                   v. (risky) buying of foreign currency, land etc for rapid gain - speculation n.
20 transaction                 n. a (usually commercial) exchange; a deal - to transact v.

Meetings

1A.G.M.abbr. Annual General Meeting
2A.O.B.abbr. Any Other Business [usually the last item on an agenda]
3absentadj. not here; not at the meeting; not present
4agendan. a written programme or schedule for a meeting
5apologiesn. item on agenda announcing people who are absent; apologies for absence
6ballotn. a type of vote, usually in writing and usually secret- secret ballot n.
7casting voten. a deciding vote (usually by the chairman) when the votes are otherwise equal
8chairmann. the person who leads or presides at a meeting; chairperson; chair
9conferencen. formal meeting for discussion, esp. a regular one held by an organisation
10conference calln. telephone call between three or more people in different locations
11consensusn. general agreement
12decisionn. a conclusion or resolution to do something - to decide v.
13itemn. a separate point for discussion [as listed on an agenda]
14matters arisingn. item on agenda for discussion of what has happened as a result of last meeting
15minutesn. a written record of everything said at a meeting
16proxy voten. a vote cast by one person for or in place of another
17show of handsn. raised hands to express an opinion in a vote
18unanimousadj. in complete agreement; united in opinion
19videoconferencen. conference of people in different locations linked by satellite, TV etc
20votev. to express opinion in a group by voice or hand etc - also n. - to cast a vote v.

A Little / A Few

The expressions a little and a few mean some.

* If a noun is in singular, we use a little
Example: a little money

* If a noun is in plural, we use a few

Example: a few friends

Countable / Uncountable Nouns

In connection with a little / a few people often speak of countable nouns and uncountable nouns.

Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a number (that's why they are called 'countable nouns'). Countable nouns take a few.
Example: 4 friends – a few friends
Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used with a number (that's why they are called 'uncountable nouns'). Uncountable nouns take a little.

Example: 3 money – a little money

Note: Of course you can count money – but then you would name the currency and say that you have got 3 euro (but not „3 money“).
A Little / A few or Little / Few

It's a difference if you use a little / a few or little / few. Without the article, the words have a limiting or negative meaning.
* a little = some little = hardly any

Example: I need a little money. - I need some money. I need little money. - I need hardly any money.
* a few = some few = hardly any

Example: A few friends visited me. - Some friends visited me. Few friends visited me. - Hardly any friends visited me.

Without the article, little / few sound rather formal. That's why we don't use them very often in everyday English. A negative sentence with much / many is more common here.
Example: I need little money. = I do not need much money. Few friends visited me. = Not many friends visited me.

Some / any



The words some and any are used for countable and uncountable nouns. In general, we could say that some means a few / a little and any means none in negative clauses or a few / a little in questions.

Positive Clauses

In positive clauses, we usually use some

Negative Clauses 

In negative clauses, we use any.

Note, however, that any alone is not a negative - it must be not ... any

Some / any can also be part of compound words such as:

  • something / anything
  • someone / anyone
  • somewhere / anywhere

Both, Either, Neither, Nor and So



WHEN THEY COMBINE THE SUBJECTS OF TWO SENTENCES, THE VERB IS ALWAYS PLURAL WITH 
 BOTH…. AND . 
EITHER …….OR, and احد امرين، إما...أو
NEITHER ….NOR  لا هذا ولا ذاك





She isn’t tall. She isn’t short.
She's smart. She's rich.

She is neither tall nor short.  هي ليست طويلة ولا قصيرة.
She is either tall or short. هي إما طويلة أو قصيرة.
She is both smart and rich. هي ذكية وغنية.

Expression


Example
both … and …I like both cats and dogs.
soJane likes cats. So do I.
not … eitherJane doesn't like cats. I don't like cats either.
either … or …Jane either has a cat or a dog.
neither/norJane doesn't like cats. Neither do I./Nor do I.
neither … nor …I like neither cats nor dogs.


Introducing and Greeting People


Word List


Greeting People
Hello. / Hi.
Good morning. (before 12 o'clock)
Good afternoon.(after 12 o'clock)
Good evening ['i:v(@)nIN].
Introducing People
What's your name?
Who are you?
My name is ...
I am ...
My friends call me ...
You can call me ...
Haven't we met (before)?
Yes, I think we have.
No, I don't think we have.
I think we've already met.
I don't think we've met (before).
This is ...
Meet ...
Have you met ...?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven't.
Yes, I think I have.
No, I don't think I have.
Hello, ... (name)
Nice to meet you. (informal)
Pleased to meet you.
How do you do? (formal)
Nice to see you.
Nice to see you again.

Say Goodbye
Good bye.
Bye. / See you.
See you later.
See you soon.
See you tomorrow.
See you next week.
Good night.

Health
How are you?
How are you today?
Fine, thank you/thanks.
Not too bad.
Very well.
I'm okay / all right.
Not too well, actually.
What's wrong with you?
What's the matter with you?
Are you all right?
I'm tired [tVI@d].
I'm exhausted [Ig'zɔ:stId].
I've got a cold.